Which of the following elements determines “according to whom or what” objectives are measured?

The concept of “according to whom or what” objectives are measured refers specifically to the standards established for evaluating the performance or outcome of a given objective. The standard serves as a benchmark that defines the criteria for acceptable performance and helps to clarify the expectations against which results will be compared. It provides the framework that guides assessors in determining whether the objective has been met successfully.

In instructional design and evaluation, standards could relate to specific benchmarks, such as a percentage of correct responses, mastery of a concept, or particular performance levels. This clarity is crucial for both instructors and learners, as it ensures everyone understands what is expected and can measure success objectively and consistently. This alignment ultimately supports targeted learning and objective assessment.